The Successive Approximation Model (SAM) is an agile instructional design framework that prioritizes rapid prototyping, continuous iteration, and collaboration over a strictly linear, phase-based approach. It was developed by Dr. Michael Allen as a faster, more flexible alternative to traditional models like ADDIE, particularly for eLearning and projects with tight deadlines.
SAM emphasizes that the first version of the instructional product is simply an approximation of the final solution, and quality is achieved through successive cycles of review and refinement.
🔄 The Three Core Phases of SAM
SAM is typically represented by a cycle with three main phases, which can be broken down into specific steps.
1. Preparation Phase (Quick and Collaborative)
This phase is designed to be quick and establish the project’s foundation without extensive upfront documentation.
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Gather Information: Review existing content, identify the performance gap, and define high-level goals.
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Savvy Start: A highly collaborative, brainstorming session involving the design team, SMEs (Subject Matter Experts), and stakeholders. The goal is to agree on a direction, rapidly sketch initial designs, and create rough prototypes immediately.
2. Iterative Design Phase (Design – Prototype – Review)
This phase is a rapid, continuous cycle where the initial concepts are refined into a concrete design. The goal is to fail fast and gather feedback early.
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Design: Based on the “Savvy Start,” create the initial design plan.
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Prototype: Quickly develop a low-fidelity, testable version (e.g., a storyboard, wireframe, or click-through mock-up).
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Review: Get immediate feedback from SMEs and stakeholders on the prototype.
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Iteration: The cycle repeats (Design – Prototype –Â Review) until a strong design proof is established.
3. Iterative Development Phase (Develop – Implement – Evaluate)
Once the design is locked down, the focus shifts to building, testing, and refining the functional learning module through continuous cycles.
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Develop (Alpha): The first fully functional version of the course is created.
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Implement/Evaluate: The Alpha version is tested for functionality and content accuracy, and feedback is collected.
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Develop (Beta): Revisions are made based on the evaluation, creating a more polished version.
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Implement/Evaluate: The Beta version is tested, and if successful, becomes the Gold version (final release).
🆚 SAM vs. ADDIE
SAM is often contrasted with the more traditional ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) model.
| Feature | Successive Approximation Model (SAM) | ADDIE Model |
|---|---|---|
| Approach | Agile and Iterative (Cyclical) | Linear and Sequential (Waterfall) |
| Prototyping | Early and Rapid (Prototypes are used to gather feedback) | Late (Detailed design is created before development) |
| Risk | Lower risk of late-stage failure because errors are caught early in small iterations | Higher risk of late-stage failure if initial analysis/design assumptions were flawed |
| Timeline | Shorter overall development time; focuses on speed and flexibility | Longer development time; focuses on thorough upfront planning |
SAM is most effective for projects with tight deadlines, evolving requirements, or when creating innovative eLearning solutions where early testing is vital.